Monday 25 April 2022

ADJECTIVES

ADJECTIVES

 

John is a clever boy.

We can stay in that room.

They need three tickets.

          She gave some money.

 

An adjective is a word that qualifies a noun and indicates the quality, kind, quantity, number etc. of the person or thing represented by the noun.

They can be used in two ways - as attributively and as predicatively.

 

          She is a beautiful girl (an attribute to the ‘girl’)

          She looks beautiful (helping to complete the meaning)

 

KINDS OF ADJECTIVES

 

1.     Adjectives of quality:- the adjective that shows the quality, kind or condition of the noun they qualify.

          He is a good athlete (quality) (what kind?)

 

2.     Adjective of quantity:- It tells how much of a thing is meant.

          He has lost all his wealth.

          Take great care of your health.

          We have got sufficient rain this year.

          They showed much patience.

 

3.     Numeral Adjective (adjectives of number):- Tells how many persons or things are meant or in what order a person or thing stands.

          Most boys love cricket.

          You have committed several mistakes.

          Who has got the first prize?

 

The three kinds of Numeral adjectives

 

a.   Definite Numeral Adjectives:- denote the exact numbers. (both cardinals and ordinals)

 

I have given him three mangoes. (cardinal)

This is John, who has got the first prize. (ordinal)

 

b.    Indefinite Numeral Adjectives:- don’t denote an exact number

 

All students are present.

Some men are not ready to obey.

 

c.      Distribute Numeral Adjectives:- refer to each one of a number.

 

Each boy must take his turn.

Every word of it is true.

 

d.    All, some, any and no are the adjectives that can be used as both Numeral adjectives and adjectives of quantitiy.

 

I ate some rice. (Quantitative)

Some boys are clever. (Numerical)

 

4.     Demonstrative adjectives:- tell which person or thing is meant.

 

          This boy is apt; Those girls have been selected

 

5.     Interrogative Adjectives:- what, which and whose are called interrogative adjectives when they are used with nouns to ask questions.

          Whose bag is this?

          Which is the road to the beach?

          What type of man is he?

6.     Emphasizing adjectives:- own and very

 

          Mind your own business.

          This is the very thing that I expected.

 

7.     Exclamatory adjectives:- What

 

          What an idea!

          What a piece of work is man!

 

FORMATION OF ADJECTIVES

 

Adjectives are formed from nouns, verbs and also from adjectives.

Adjectives formed from nouns

Noun

Adjective

Hope

Use

Child

Fool

Trouble

Awe

Gold

Earth

Gift

Dirt

 

Hopeful

Useful                 

Childish

Foolish

Troublesome

Awesome

Golden

Earthen

Gifted

Dirty 

 

 

 



Adjectives formed from verbs

Verb

Adjective

Talk

Move

Rest

Talkative

Moveable

Restless

 

Adjectives formed from adjectives

Adjective

Adjective

Tragic

Sick

Black

Tragical

 Sickly

Blackish


Comparison of Adjectives

 

          John’s answer is good.

          Jim’s answer is better than John’s answer.

          Mary’s answer is the best one among all these three.

 

Adjectives change their forms to show comparison. This is degrees of comparison.

As good is used without any comparison, it is said to be in the positive degree.

As better is used to compare with only two persons (or things) it is said to be in comparative degree. (Normally followed by ‘than’).

As best is used to compare with more than two, it is said to be in superlative degree (Normally proceeds by the definite article ‘the’)

 

Formation of comparative and superlative degrees


There are two ways of forming comparative and superlative degrees.


1.     By adding ‘-er’ to the positive to form comparative and ‘-est’ to the positive to form superlative.

 

2.     By using ‘more’ before the positive to form comparative and ‘most’ to the positive to form superlative.


Ways of forming degrees of comparisons 


Most of the one syllable adjectives add ‘-er’ to form comparative and ‘-est’ to form superlative.

Positive

Comparative

Superlative

Bold

Clever

Great

Young

Bolder

Cleverer

Greater

Younger

Boldest

Cleverest

Greatest

Youngest

 


With adjectives ending in ‘-e’, add ‘-r’ and ‘-st’

Fine

True

Wise

 

Finer

Truer

Wiser

 

Finest

Truest

Wisest

 

 

Adjectives ending in ‘-y’ preceded by a consonant, the ‘-y’ is changed into ‘-i’ before adding ‘-er’ and ‘-est’

Dry

Easy

Happy

Wealthy

Drier

Easier

Happier

Wealthier

Driest

Easiest

Happiest

Wealthiest

 

In one syllable adjectives ending in a consonant and preceded by a short vowel, the consonants get doubled before adding ‘-er’ and ‘-est’

Big

Fat

Hot

Thin

Sad

Bigger

Fatter

Hotter

Thinner

Sadder 

Biggest

Fattest

Hottest

Thinnest

Saddest 


Adjectives of more than two syllables form the comparative by using ‘more’ (adverb) and superlative by using ‘most’ (adverb) in front of it.

Beautiful

Courageous

Difficult

Learned

More beautiful

More courageous

More difficult

More learned

 

 

Most beautiful

Most courageous

Most difficult

Most learned


 

There are adjectives that are not formed from positive

Good/well

Bad/ill

Little

Much

Late

adverbs not adjectives

Fore

In  

up

Better

Worse

Less

More

Later, Latter

 

Former

Inner

Upper

Best

Worst

Least

Most

Latest, Last

 

Foremost

Innermost

Uppermost













The comparative adjectives that won’t be followed by ‘than’ 

Junior, Senior, Superior, Inferior 

          John is junior to Jim.

          Rosy is superior to Jim.

          John is inferior to Jim in richness.

          Jim is senior to John.         


The adjectives that can’t be compared         

Round, square, perfect, unique

 

Changing the degree of comparisons

 

Positive - John is as wise as Jim. 

Comparative – Jim is not wiser than John. 

Superlative – Chennai is one of the biggest cities in India. 

Comparative – Chennai is bigger than most other cities in India. 

Positive – Very few Indian cities are as big as Chennai. 

Positive – No one in this town is as rich as John. 

Comparative – John is richer than any other man in this town. 

Superlative – John is the richest man in this town. 

Positive – No metal is as heavy as heavy as Osmium. 

Comparative – Osmium is heavier than all other metals. 

Superlative – Osmium is the heaviest of all metals.


All explained in the video and notes at the end of the video 

Malayalam




தமிழில்

https://youtu.be/YsH_pR7eXjk


------THULASIDHARAN V


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