ADJECTIVES
John
is a clever boy.
We
can stay in that room.
They
need three tickets.
She
gave some money.
An
adjective is a word that qualifies a noun and indicates the quality, kind,
quantity, number etc. of the person or thing represented by the noun.
They
can be used in two ways - as attributively and as predicatively.
She is a beautiful girl (an attribute
to the ‘girl’)
She looks beautiful (helping to
complete the meaning)
KINDS OF ADJECTIVES
1.
Adjectives of
quality:- the adjective
that shows the quality, kind or condition of the noun they qualify.
He is a good athlete (quality) (what
kind?)
2.
Adjective of
quantity:- It tells how much of a thing is meant.
He has lost all his wealth.
Take great
care of your health.
We have got sufficient rain this year.
They showed much patience.
3.
Numeral
Adjective (adjectives of number):-
Tells how many persons or things are meant or in what order a person or thing
stands.
Most
boys love cricket.
You have committed several mistakes.
Who has got the first prize?
The
three kinds of Numeral adjectives
a. Definite Numeral Adjectives:- denote the exact numbers. (both cardinals and
ordinals)
I have given him three mangoes. (cardinal)
This is John, who has got the first prize. (ordinal)
b.
Indefinite
Numeral Adjectives:- don’t denote
an exact number
All students are present.
Some men
are not ready to obey.
c.
Distribute
Numeral Adjectives:- refer to each
one of a number.
Each boy must take his turn.
Every word of it is true.
d.
All, some, any
and no are the adjectives that can be used as both Numeral adjectives and
adjectives of quantitiy.
I ate some
rice. (Quantitative)
Some boys are clever. (Numerical)
4.
Demonstrative
adjectives:- tell which
person or thing is meant.
This
boy is apt; Those girls have been
selected
5.
Interrogative
Adjectives:- what, which
and whose are called interrogative adjectives when they are used with nouns to
ask questions.
Whose
bag is this?
Which
is the road to the beach?
What
type of man is he?
6.
Emphasizing
adjectives:- own and very
Mind your own
business.
This is the very thing that I expected.
7.
Exclamatory adjectives:- What
What
an idea!
What
a piece of work is man!
FORMATION OF ADJECTIVES
Adjectives are formed from nouns, verbs and also from adjectives.
|
Adjectives formed from nouns |
|
|
Noun |
Adjective |
|
Hope
Use Child Fool Trouble
Awe Gold Earth
Gift Dirt
|
Hopeful Useful Childish Foolish Troublesome Awesome Golden Earthen Gifted Dirty
|
|
Adjectives formed from verbs |
|
|
Verb |
Adjective |
|
Talk
Move
Rest
|
Talkative Moveable Restless
|
|
Adjectives
formed from adjectives |
|
|
Adjective |
Adjective |
|
Tragic
Sick Black |
Tragical Sickly Blackish
|
Comparison of Adjectives
John’s answer is good.
Jim’s answer is better than John’s answer.
Mary’s answer is the best one among all these three.
Adjectives
change their forms to show comparison. This is degrees of comparison.
As
good is used without any comparison, it
is said to be in the positive degree.
As
better is used to compare with only two
persons (or things) it is said to be in comparative degree. (Normally followed
by ‘than’).
As
best is used to compare with more than
two, it is said to be in superlative degree (Normally proceeds by the definite
article ‘the’)
Formation of comparative and superlative
degrees
There are two ways of forming comparative and superlative degrees.
1. By adding ‘-er’ to the positive to form comparative
and ‘-est’ to the positive to form superlative.
2. By using ‘more’ before the positive to form
comparative and ‘most’ to the positive to form superlative.
Ways of forming degrees of comparisons
Most
of the one syllable adjectives add ‘-er’ to form comparative and ‘-est’ to form
superlative.
|
Positive |
Comparative |
Superlative |
|
Bold Clever Great Young |
Bolder Cleverer Greater Younger |
Boldest Cleverest Greatest Youngest
|
With
adjectives ending in ‘-e’, add ‘-r’ and ‘-st’
|
Fine
True
Wise
|
Finer
Truer
Wiser
|
Finest
Truest
Wisest
|
Adjectives ending in ‘-y’ preceded by a consonant,
the ‘-y’ is changed into ‘-i’ before adding ‘-er’ and ‘-est’
|
Dry
Easy
Happy
Wealthy
|
Drier
Easier
Happier
Wealthier
|
Driest
Easiest
Happiest
Wealthiest
|
In one syllable adjectives ending in a consonant and
preceded by a short vowel, the consonants get doubled before adding ‘-er’ and
‘-est’
|
Big
Fat
Hot
Thin
Sad
|
Bigger
Fatter
Hotter
Thinner Sadder |
Biggest
Fattest Hottest
Thinnest Saddest |
Adjectives of more than two syllables form the comparative by using ‘more’ (adverb) and superlative by using ‘most’ (adverb) in front of it.
|
Beautiful
Courageous
Difficult
Learned
|
More
beautiful More
courageous More
difficult More
learned
|
Most
beautiful Most
courageous Most
difficult Most
learned |
There are adjectives that are not formed
from positive
|
Good/well
Bad/ill
Little
Much
Late
adverbs not adjectives Fore In up |
Better
Worse
Less
More
Later,
Latter Former
Inner
Upper
|
Best
Worst
Least
Most
Latest,
Last
Foremost Innermost
Uppermost
|
The comparative adjectives that won’t be followed by ‘than’
Junior, Senior, Superior, Inferior
John
is junior to Jim.
Rosy
is superior to Jim.
John
is inferior to Jim in richness.
Jim is senior to John.
The adjectives that can’t be compared
Round, square, perfect, unique
Changing the
degree of comparisons
Positive - John is as wise as Jim.
Comparative – Jim is not wiser than John.
Superlative – Chennai is one of the biggest cities in India.
Comparative – Chennai is bigger than most other cities in India.
Positive – Very few Indian cities are as big as Chennai.
Positive – No one in this town is as rich as John.
Comparative – John is richer than any other man in this town.
Superlative – John is the richest man in this town.
Positive – No metal is as heavy as heavy as Osmium.
Comparative – Osmium is heavier than all other metals.
Superlative – Osmium is the heaviest of all metals.
All explained in the video and notes at the end of the video
Malayalam
------THULASIDHARAN V
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