Monday, 5 June 2023

PICTURES DRAWN ON WATER - K.Sachidanandan

 

K. Sachidanandan (1946-) is a bilingual poet, critic, playwright, editor, translator, and fiction writer.  Having got his voluntary retirement from Christ College, Sachidanandan became the editor of Indian literature, the English Journal of the Sahitya Academy.  Currently, he is the president of Kerala Sahitya Academy and lives in Thrissur.  He is of the opinion that he translates poems from other languages to Malayalam and vice versa to enrich Malayalam literature, train his poetic skills and test the strength of his mother tongue.

‘Pictures Drawn on Water’ is a poem in five parts written in the wake of the great flood in Kerala in 2018.  It shows the different phases of the deluge.  It visualizes how a normal monsoon turned into a fierce deluge, all of a sudden.  It also comments on the courage and resilience shown by the people on their facing a tragedy.  Apart from these, it reminds something that we lost which now resides in the memory of slush left behind by water.  It is actually a translated one from Malayalam by the poet.

“As we look on” is the very first part of the poem. Here, like a long-known neighbour, the flood comes into the house, eats, and has a siesta and then forces the residents to leave the house. The water tells the awe-struck people of the house that there is nowhere else to go.  Here, the ruthless behaviour of human beings who encroached the river’s territory by blocking its usual paths into the sea is implied.  In ‘The Boat’, a sick mother, a pregnant daughter and a son who looks after all at home, are shown.  The three quarrel among themselves for the other to climb in the rescue boat which has space left only for one.  Tragedy makes human beings selfless and death fearless.  In ‘the cat’ we see an abandoned cat that wonders on seeing the fish that tickling him and laughing at him.  Here, the poet says that when there is no branch or wall to climb upon even a cat becomes a philosopher.

In ‘Slate’ we see a slate that sits under the water in the vacant house.  It remembers the words and sketches scrawled on its grey surface by tiny hands.  It also dreams to create a new universe within its four wooden frames and thus became a part of the earth and of infinity.  In ‘Slush’ we find the slush gathered in the house after the flood with the obscure memories of fields, pond and lily and blue flowers in the harvested fields, the flower collecting children, yellow butterflies, the ploughing bulls, seeds sowing dark hands.  Through these memories of ‘The Slush’, the poet says that the things that we had lost now reside in the memory of the slush left behind by the flood.  Thus the poet has effectively used the deluge as a metaphor for social and ecological concerns in the poem.

According to the poet it was the people who forced the flood to encroach their territory by blocking its usual path into the sea. However the flood makes human beings resilient. They have also realized that the earth is not belonged to them but they belonged to the earth. Thus the poem presents flood in a favorable light.


----Thulasidharan V

 

Friday, 24 February 2023

KUTTIPPURAM BRIDGE – EDASSERI

 

Edasseri Govindan Nair (1906-1974) is one of the major poets of Malayalam literature.  He was a recipient of Sahithya Academy Award for poetry.  ‘Kuttippuram Bridge’ is a translated one where the poet shares his feelings of surprise, happiness and anxiety on his walking over the bridge after its construction in 1953.

The eleven-span bridge on National Highway in Kuttippuram needed twenty-three lakhs and 58 months to get completed.  The poet stood proudly on the bridge and gazed upon the dwindling ‘Perar’ (Nila) river.  Though he was 47 years old then, he remembered playing ‘poothamkole’, his taking a dip in the cool waves before prayer and watching kingfishers, cuckoos and herons up above the river.  During heavy rains, the arrogant and boisterous river used to burst the banks.  But then the river was crawling to flow below the bridge.  On seeing it the poet chuckled and thought about the change in the river’s attitude.

Though he was delightfully considering the victory of mankind, an unknown feeling of agony haunted his conscience.  He began to recollect the fading picture of his village life.  The sweet and healthy village was actually bidding the final farewell.  The vast paddy fields, the houses flanked by fruit-bearing trees, and the hill valleys are slowly moving away.  The temple festivities with oil lamps, farmer’s songs that fill the day and the chills in the dead of light are all also disappearing and allow other things to come to light.

Granite, cement steel, tyre and petrol have started their reign.  Walls are rising everywhere.  The noises made by them and their movements quicken everywhere.  People move away from their native places.  All familiar faces are disappearing.  Strangers become neighbours.  So strangers need to be loved and all the loving and lovable friends have become outsiders.

As the bridge passes by the side of the temple of Malloor, the Lord Siva of Malloor has become a street deity.  The ‘Anthimaha Kaalan’ hill, which is standing high up and serene, would now spin like a top, spun by an egotist machine child.  Everything is getting changed.  Even the laughter and tears have become machine-like.  Here the poet disappointedly asks the ‘Perar’ river whether the river will also accept the changes and get changed into a canal of grief carrying sewage.  Thus the poet talks more about the change that is unfortunately inevitable, doing more harm than good.  That is why he says on standing on the bridge, an unknown feeling that streams inside “haunts my conscience with agony.”


-----Thulasidharan V

Monday, 9 January 2023

Elegy written in a Country Churchyard – Thomas Gray (1715-1771)

 


 

          Thomas Gray, who is known as the morning star of English Romanticism, is now remembered chiefly for his ‘Elegy’.  It is one of the most memorable of English poems.  An Elegy is a poem of mourning.  Usually an elegy mourns the death of a particular person.  But Gray’s poem is different.  It mourns the passing away of a whole generation.  He tries to glorify ‘the short and simple annals of the poor’.  The poem ends with a remarkable piece of self-portraiture. He sums up his own life in a few memorable lines at the end of the poem.  Gray took four years to complete the poem.  In fact, Gray’s poetic fame rests chiefly on this poem.  That’s why Gray’s Elegy has been described as a first-rate poem by a second-rate poet. 

          The Elegy is remarkable for many things.  It fully reveals Gray’s description of an evening in a village.  The church bell announces the end of the daytime.  The herd of cattle and sheep return home.  The farmer returns from the field.  There is silence and growing darkness everywhere.  However, the silence is broken by the droning of beetles, the tinkling sounds made by the little bells hanging from the neck of cattle and sheep and the hooting of the owl.  After presenting beautiful visual and auditory images of the evening, Gray plunges into the central theme.  He refers to the ‘narrow cells’ in which ‘The rude forefathers of the hamlet sleep’.  It is a sleep from which there is no waking up.  Even the cock’s clarion cannot wake them up. 

          Then the poet refers to the useful work the poor used to do when they were alive.  They used to plough and reap.  Men of ambition may mock at the humble toil.  The short and simple annuals of the poor may not impress men of grandeur.  But such men must remember one thing.  The paths of glory lead, but to the grave.  The poor villagers have no monuments over their graves.  But can urns and busts bring the dead back to life? So long as they cannot, they are useless.  Here Gray points out that there might have been talented men among these dead villagers.  There might have been Hamptons, Miltons and Cromwells among them. There might have been even gifted musicians among them.  Poverty froze their talents.  Somehow they were lucky.  As they could not do great deeds, so they did not commit great crimes.  So they could die with clean hearts. 

          Gray refers here to the common weaknesses of all men.  Even the poor are not free from it.  They too wish to be loved in life and remembered after death.  After their death, they want at least some crude stones to mark their graves.  The stones may carry just the names and dates.  However, Gray’s poem ends with a self-portrait.  Here he visualizes the scene of his own death.  When he is dead, someone may enquire about him.  He may come to know about the poet as a man who never missed a glorious sunrise from the top of the hill.  Gray refers to his love of nature and his lonely wanderings.  Fame and fortune had never smiled on him.  Melancholy had adopted him as her son.  His bounty was large, and his soul sincere.  He gave to misery all that he had, his tears.  God, in his recompense, sent him a true friend.  And that was all he wanted in life.  Gray’s self-portrait is a very honest account.  They also tell us that he had only one true friend, whose name was Richard West. 

          The Elegy is remarkable for its simplicity of expression.  The poet gives a perfect expression of his feelings and sentiments.  It contains neo classical qualities like allusiveness, alliteration, and personification.  It also foreshadows the romantic poetry of Burns, Wordsworth and Shelley.  Thus, Elegy makes a shift from neo-classism to romanticism.  The verse of the poem is musical and has a haunting quality.  The reflections on life and death make the poem a philosophical poem, but it is also a sort of dramatic monologue in which the speaker has addressed imaginary readers or listeners.  Different factors may be said to be responsible for its greatness.  Its universal appeal, its humanity and broader concern with the human condition are as much contributive to its greatness as its poetic merits.  To conclude, it may suffice to quote Douglas Bush, who sums up its greatness by saying, “One obvious reason is the power of style which makes almost every line an example of ‘what opt was thought but never so well expressed”.

 

-----Thulasidharan V

 

 

Friday, 16 September 2022

SENTENCES, SUBJECT AND PREDICATE, PHRASES AND CLAUSES

 


PROFICIENCY IN ENGLISH – PART – 9 (A)

 

SENTENCES

 

A group of words that makes a complete sense is called a sentence.

          John helps Mary.

Who helps Mary?

Help Mary.

What a great help!

 

Kinds of Sentences

 

A sentence that makes a statement or an assertion is called Assertive or Declarative Sentence.

          He wrote his exam yesterday.

          They are admitted in the hospital.

 

A sentence that asks a question is called an interrogative sentence.

          Where did he go?

          Will he attend the meeting?

 

A sentence that expresses a command, request or an advice is called an imperative sentence.

          Come here.

          Don’t smoke.

 

A sentence that expresses a strong feeling is called an exclamatory sentence.

          What a lovely place is this!

          Alas! Our leader is no more.

 

SUBJECT AND PREDICATE

 

In a meaningful sentence, we have a subject to speak about and a predicate, something about that subject.  Usually the subject comes first.  But in imperative sentences the subject is left out.

          The Earth revolves round the Sun.

          The dancing of the peacock delights us.

          Sit down.

          Please, help me.

 

THE PHRASE AND THE CLAUSE

 

A group of words, that makes sense, but not complete sense is called a phrase.

          It was a sunset of great beauty.

          He left the house in the early morning.

 

A group of words that becomes a part of a sentence, and contains a subject and a predicate is called a clause.

          He gave her a chain of gold. (Phrase)

          He gave her a chain which is made of gold. (Clause)

          I think that you have learned everything. (Clause)


-----Thulasidharan V

 

 

         

 

 

Monday, 22 August 2022

Proficiency in English language - Part - 17 - Verbs-5 - Modal Auxiliaries (can, could; may, might....)

 

Verbs – 5 – Modal Auxiliaries (can, could; may, might.....)

 

Can 

‘can’ expresses ability or capacity. (be able to do something)

      I can lift this box.

     She can drive very well.

     Can you speak Russian?

 ‘can’ is used in the sense of ‘may’ to give permission. (may is, no doubt, more correct)

      You can go now.

You can take one of these cakes, if you like.

Can I come in, Sir?

COULD


‘could’ is used as the past tense of can in reported speech.

      He said, ‘I can’t do this work’

     He said that he couldn’t do that work.

     They said ‘we can help them’

     They said that they could help them.

 ‘could’ is the past tense of ‘can’.  So it is used to indicate ability that existed in the past.

 Till last year my grandfather could walk without walking stick.

Why couldn’t you attend the function, last night?

They realized that they couldn’t catch the train.

‘could’ is used to express possibility or uncertainty in the unreal conditions.

        You could get good marks, if you              worked hard. (Possibility)

    If I had enough money, I could buy  this property. (Uncertainty) 

‘could’ is also used to ask polite questions. 

Could you please, take me to your manager?

Could you lend me your phone to make a call?  

MAY

 

‘May’ is used to express permission.

 

May I come in, please? (Yes, you may.)

May I leave this place, now? (No, you may not)

 

‘May’ is also used to express possibility.

 

    They may accept or they may not

    You may catch the train if you leave now.


‘May’ is used to express a wish

 

    May God bless you!

   May his soul rest in peace!

 

‘May’ is used in subordinate clause to express a purpose.

 

Obey and love your parents that you may prosper in your life.

 Eat that you may live; don’t live that you may eat.


MIGHT


‘Might’ is used as the past tense of ‘may’ in reported speech.

 

        She said, ‘I may meet him there’

 She said that she might meet him there.

 They said, ‘she may have said so.’

 They said that she might have said so.


‘Might’ is used to denote a more doubtful possibility than ‘may’

 

         He may pass – He might pass.

         The patient may recover – The patient might recover

 

‘Might’ is used to express a gentle reproach.

 

Actually, John, you might have told me about this before. 

In my opinion, she might have paid the fee on time.


MUST

 

‘Must’, can be used in present, past and future tenses.  When it is used in past, it is with the present perfect of the main verb.

 

You must see the manager now. (Present)

We must reserve a seat in advance. (Future)

They must have sent their application before the last date. (Past)

 

‘Must’ is used to express a strong obligation of compulsion.

 

     We must be loyal to our country.

     We must help the needy and the poor.


    ‘Must’ also expresses necessity.

 We must get up early and complete everything in time.

They must build up a strong army to defend their country.

 

‘Must’ expresses probability or likelihood.

 

The calling bell rings.  That must be the post man.

He must be mad to do this.

 

‘Must’ also expresses strong determination.

You must insist on being given your full share.

I must go to that place and help him.


OUGHT 

‘Ought’ is not as forceful as ‘must’ but it is stronger than ‘should’.  It is actually the past tense of ‘owe’.  It is followed by ‘to-infinitive’.  It points out present and future tense.

‘Ought’ expresses duty, necessity, moral obligation etc.

They ought to attend the office regularly. (Duty)

We ought to help the poor. (Obligation)

We ought to buy the necessary medicine for him.

When ‘ought’ refers to past time, it is followed by perfect infinitive.

     He ought to have helped his brother.

They have done things that they ought not to have done.

NEED

‘Need’ is used both as a principal verb and as an auxiliary. 

It means ‘require’ when it is used as a principal verb.

     She needs your help.

They needed some more time to finish the work.

 

‘Need’ as an auxiliary is uninflected and is always used with ‘not’

     He need not wait any longer.

They need not make such a fuss over it. 


Sometimes, ‘need’ is used with ‘hardly’

I need hardly add that you are always welcome.

I need hardly say that I am very grateful to you.


Similarly, ‘need’ is also used with ‘only’

She need only say where she wants to go and we will take her there.

You need only sign this paper and I will do the rest.

‘Need’ is also used in questions without ‘not’

     Need I wait any longer?

     Need he come again?

     He need not pay any fine, need he?

(If the answer is ‘no’, he need not’ it is allowable.  But if the answer is positive, it must be ‘Yes, he must’.  The opposite of ‘need not’ is not ‘need’, but ‘must’.) 

When a past time is referred, ‘need’ is followed by the perfect infinitive.

You need not have come all this way to see me.

He need not have waited for the reply.


DARE


‘Dare is used both as a principal verb and as an auxiliary. 

It means ‘defy’, ‘challenge’ or ‘face boldly’ when it is used as a principal verb. 

     He dares you to the fight.

     She dared to call him a liar.

There is nothing that John does not dare.

 

As an auxiliary, ‘dare’ is uninflected and is used with ‘not’.  But in questions it is used without ‘not’.

    He dare not do so.

     I dare not take such a risk.

     How dare he do such a thing?


The expression ‘I dare say......’ is now used with the meaning ‘perhaps’

         I dare say he will agree to our proposal

         ‘Do you think he will come?’ 

‘I dare say, he will.’


Some equivalents of Modal Auxiliaries

 

1.          Be able to

He is able to do this. (Can do)

They were able to help him. (Could)

 

2.   Had better

  You had better have some rest.     (Should)

  She had better consult a doctor.   (Should or ought to)

 

3.   Have to, Have got to 

   I have to be there at 10 O’clcok. (Must)

   Do you have to go there? (Is it necessary?)

   I have got to help them. (Must)


PROFICIENCY IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE (MALAYALAM) PART – 17 - VERBS - 5



ப்ரொஃபிசி'யன்ஸி இன் இங்கிலிஷ் லாங்குவேஜ் - தமிழில் விளக்கம் - பகுதி - 17 - VERBS - 5


https://youtu.be/ahWZvJQE574


---Thulasidharan . V